23-letter words containing io
- abstract interpretation — (theory) A partial execution of a program which gains information about its semantics (e.g. control structure, flow of information) without performing all the calculations. Abstract interpretation is typically used by compilers to analyse programs in order to decide whether certain optimisations or transformations are applicable. The objects manipulated by the program (typically values and functions) are represented by points in some domain. Each abstract domain point represents some set of real ("concrete") values. For example, we may take the abstract points "+", "0" and "-" to represent positive, zero and negative numbers and then define an abstract version of the multiplication operator, *#, which operates on abstract values: *# | + 0 - ---|------ + | + 0 - 0 | 0 0 0 - | - 0 + An interpretation is "safe" if the result of the abstract operation is a safe approximation to the abstraction of the concrete result. The meaning of "a safe approximation" depends on how we are using the results of the analysis. If, in our example, we assume that smaller values are safer then the "safety condition" for our interpretation (#) is a# *# b# <= (a * b)# where a# is the abstract version of a etc. In general an interpretation is characterised by the domains used to represent the basic types and the abstract values it assigns to constants (where the constants of a language include primitive functions such as *). The interpretation of constructed types (such as user defined functions, sum types and product types) and expressions can be derived systematically from these basic domains and values. A common use of abstract interpretation is strictness analysis. See also standard interpretation.
- acceleration of gravity — the gravitational acceleration of a freely falling object, expressed in terms of the rate of increase of velocity per second: on earth 980.665 cm (32.17 ft) per second per second is the standard
- actionable intelligence — the necessary background information that will enable someone to deal quickly and efficiently with a particular situation
- addition polymerization — the act or process of forming a polymer or polymeric compound.
- advance corporation tax — a former UK tax in which a company paying a dividend had to deduct the basic rate of income tax from the grossed-up value of the dividend and pay it to the Inland Revenue
- affiliation proceedings — (formerly) legal proceedings, usually initiated by an unmarried mother, claiming legal recognition that a particular man is the father of her child, often associated with a claim for financial support
- aion development system — (artificial intelligence, product) (ADS) A commericial expert system shell developed by Aion Corporation that supported forward chainging and backward chaining and featured an object-oriented knowledge representation scheme, graphics and integrated with other programming languages like C and Pascal.
- alternative conjunction — a conjunction, as or, that expresses an alternative relationship between the words, phrases, or clauses it connects.
- animal liberation front — an animal-rights movement founded in Britain, often using direct action
- anti-vibration mounting — An anti-vibration mounting is a flexible support for an engine that reduces the amount of noise and vibration that passes to the vehicle chassis.
- application development — the development of specialized programs or sets of specialized programs and associated documentation designed to carry out a particular task
- application programming — Computers. a program used for a particular application (opposed to system program).
- approximation algorithm — (algorithm) An algorithm for an optimisation problem that generates feasible but not necessarily optimal solutions. Unlike "heuristic", the term "approximation algorithm" often implies some proven worst or average case bound on performance. The terms are often used interchangeably however.
- articles of association — the constitution and regulations of a registered company as required by the British Companies Acts
- artificial insemination — Artificial insemination is a medical technique for making a woman pregnant by injecting previously stored sperm into her womb. Female animals can also be made pregnant by artificial insemination. The abbreviation AI is also used.
- ashton-tate corporation — (company) The original vendor of dBASE and joint developers of EEMS. Ashton-Tate was founded by Charles Tate and Ashton was his pet parrot's name. The parrot lived in the lobby of the company's LA headquarters. In the early 1990s Ashton-Tate was taken over by Borland International, Inc., who later became Borland Software Corporation.
- astronomical refraction — refraction (def 3).
- astronomical-refraction — Physics. the change of direction of a ray of light, sound, heat, or the like, in passing obliquely from one medium into another in which its wave velocity is different.
- asymmetrical modulation — (communications) A scheme to maximise use of a communications line by giving a larger share of the bandwidth to the modem at the end which is transmitting the most information. Only one end of the connection has full bandwidth, the other has only a fraction of the bandwidth. Normally, which end gets the full bandwidth is chosen dynamically. Asymmetrical modulation was made famous by the HST mode of the early high-speed modems from US Robotics.
- atrioventricular bundle — a bundle of specialized muscle fibers regulating the heartbeat by conducting impulses from the right atrium to the ventricles.
- autoerotic asphyxiation — asphyxia caused by intentionally strangling oneself while masturbating in order to intensify the orgasm through reduced oxygen flow to the brain.
- bilinear transformation — Möbius transformation.
- biological accumulation — the accumulation within living organisms of toxic substances occurring in the environment.
- british and irish lions — a touring rugby union side composed of players invited from England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland
- business administration — a program of studies at a college or university covering finance, management of personnel, etc., designed to prepare a person for a career in business
- center-pivot irrigation — a method of irrigation, used mainly in the western U.S., in which water is dispersed through a long, segmented arm that revolves about a deep well and covers a circular area from a quarter of a mile to a mile in diameter.
- character assassination — A character assassination is a deliberate attempt to destroy someone's reputation, especially by criticizing them in an unfair and dishonest way when they are not present.
- characteristic equation — Mathematics. the characteristic polynomial of a given matrix, equated to zero. Also called auxiliary equation. an equation with one variable and equated to zero, which is derived from a given linear differential equation and in which the coefficient and power of the variable in each term correspond to the coefficient and order of a derivative in the original equation.
- characteristic function — a function that assigns the value 1 to the members of a given set and the value 0 to its nonmembers
- chi-square distribution — a continuous single-parameter distribution derived as a special case of the gamma distribution and used esp to measure goodness of fit and to test hypotheses and obtain confidence intervals for the variance of a normally distributed variable
- chief education officer — an official who is the chief administrative officer of a Local Education Authority
- chorionic gonadotrophin — a hormone secreted by the chorionic villi of the placenta in mammals, esp human chorionic gonadotrophin. It promotes the secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum and its presence in the urine is an indication of pregnancy
- classification schedule — the printed scheme of a system of classification
- coefficient of friction — the force required to move two sliding surfaces over each other, divided by the force holding them together. It is reduced once the motion has started
- collision damage waiver — a form of optional collision insurance cover for a vehicle that is being rented
- commercial exploitation — unethical business practices
- commonwealth of nations — a voluntary association of independent nations and dependent territories linked by historical ties (as parts of the former British Empire) and cooperating on matters of mutual concern, especially regarding economics and trade.
- communication breakdown — a lack of communication; a failure to exchange information
- communication interface — an electronic circuit, usually designed to a specific standard, that enables one machine to telecommunicate with another machine
- communications software — (communications, software) Application programs, operating system components, and probably firmware, forming part of a communication system. These different software components might be classified according to the functions within the Open Systems Interconnect model which they provide. Typical applications include a web browser, Mail User Agent, chat and telnet.
- communist international — Third International.
- communist-international — an international organization (1919–43), founded in Moscow, uniting Communist groups of various countries and advocating the attainment of their ends by violent revolution. Also called Comintern, Communist International. Compare international (def 6).
- condition code register — a hardware register used for storing the current values of the condition codes
- conditional convergence — the property of an infinite series that converges while the series formed by replacing each term in the given series with its absolute value diverges; the property of an infinite series that converges when the order of the terms is altered. Compare absolute convergence (def 1).
- conditional probability — the probability of one event, A, occurring given that another, B, is already known to have occurred: written P(A|B) and equal to P(A and B)|P(B)
- conditioned suppression — the reduction in the frequency of a learned response, e.g. pressing a bar for water, that occurs when a stimulus previously associated with pain is present
- confessional television — television programmes, esp talk shows, in which members of the public reveal their private lives, personal problems, etc
- conformational analysis — the study of the spatial arrangement of atoms or groups of atoms in a molecule and the way in which this influences chemical behaviour
- connection machine lisp — (language) Lisp with a parallel data structure, the 'xapping', an array of values assigned to an array of sites.
- connectionless protocol — (protocol) The data communication method in which communication occurs between hosts with no previous setup. Packets sent between two hosts may take different routes.
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