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16-letter words containing s, e, m, i, c

  • image processing — (graphics)   Computer manipulation of images. Some of the many algorithms used in image processing include convolution (on which many others are based), FFT, DCT, thinning (or skeletonisation), edge detection and contrast enhancement. These are usually implemented in software but may also use special purpose hardware for speed. Image processing contrasts with computer graphics, which is usually more concerned with the generation of artificial images, and visualisation, which attempts to understand (real-world) data by displaying it as an artificial image (e.g. a graph). Image processing is used in image recognition and computer vision. See also Pilot European Image Processing Archive.
  • immersion course — an educational course that teaches a foreign language, and in which the lessons are entirely conducted in the foreign language
  • immethodicalness — Lack of method; the quality of being immethodical.
  • immunocompromise — (medicine) The state of having a compromised immune system.
  • impact extrusion — an extrusion process in which a slug of cold metal in a shallow die cavity is formed by the action of a rapidly moving punch that forces the metal through the die or back around the punch.
  • impact structure — a large geologic formation, as a crater, created by a comet's or meteor's collision with a planet.
  • imperceptiveness — The quality of being imperceptive.
  • imperfect fungus — a fungus for which only the asexual reproductive stage is known, as any fungus of the Fungi imperfecti.
  • imperfectiveness — (grammar) The state or quality of being imperfective.
  • import surcharge — a tax imposed on all imported goods, adding to any established tariffs
  • impracticalities — Plural form of impracticality.
  • incentive scheme — an arrangement under which additional payments are made to employees as a means of increasing production
  • incidental music — music intended primarily to point up or accompany parts of the action of a play or to serve as transitional material between scenes.
  • income statement — an accounting of income and expenses that indicates a firm's net profit or loss over a certain period of time, usually one year.
  • incommensurables — Plural form of incommensurable.
  • incommodiousness — The state or quality of being incommodious.
  • incomprehensible — impossible to understand or comprehend; unintelligible.
  • incomprehensibly — impossible to understand or comprehend; unintelligible.
  • indemnity clause — a clause in a contract that commits one or both parties to indemnify any loss that arises out of the contract
  • indiscriminately — not discriminating; lacking in care, judgment, selectivity, etc.: indiscriminate in one's friendships.
  • indiscriminative — Making no distinction; not discriminating.
  • informed consent — a patient's consent to a medical or surgical procedure or to participation in a clinical study after being properly advised of the relevant medical facts and the risks involved.
  • insurance scheme — a scheme that provides insurance
  • inter-comparison — the act of comparing.
  • interculturalism — The philosophy of exchanges between cultural groups within a society.
  • interhemispheric — of, relating to, or between hemispheres, as of the earth: interhemispheric cooperation.
  • interim accounts — accounts published in the course of the financial year
  • keyman insurance — life insurance taken out by a business firm on an essential or very important employee, with the firm as beneficiary.
  • league champions — the team that has come top of the league
  • lesbian cymatium — cyma reversa.
  • light microscope — microscope (def 1).
  • line composition — type produced on a linecaster
  • lumberjack shirt — a thick checked shirt, as worn by lumberjacks
  • lymphangiectasia — (medicine) dilation of the lymphatic vessels.
  • lymphangiectasis — Alt form lymphangiectasia.
  • lymphatic system — an extensive network of capillary vessels that transports the interstitial fluid of the body as lymph to the venous blood circulation
  • lymphatic tissue — tissue, such as the lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, and thymus, that produces lymphocytes
  • lz77 compression — The first algorithm to use the Lempel-Ziv substitutional compression schemes, proposed in 1977. LZ77 compression keeps track of the last n bytes of data seen, and when a phrase is encountered that has already been seen, it outputs a pair of values corresponding to the position of the phrase in the previously-seen buffer of data, and the length of the phrase. In effect the compressor moves a fixed-size "window" over the data (generally referred to as a "sliding window"), with the position part of the (position, length) pair referring to the position of the phrase within the window. The most commonly used algorithms are derived from the LZSS scheme described by James Storer and Thomas Szymanski in 1982. In this the compressor maintains a window of size N bytes and a "lookahead buffer", the contents of which it tries to find a match for in the window: while (lookAheadBuffer not empty) { get a pointer (position, match) to the longest match in the window for the lookahead buffer; if (length > MINIMUM_MATCH_LENGTH) { output a (position, length) pair; shift the window length characters along; } else { output the first character in the lookahead buffer; shift the window 1 character along; } } Decompression is simple and fast: whenever a (POSITION, LENGTH) pair is encountered, go to that POSITION in the window and copy LENGTH bytes to the output. Sliding-window-based schemes can be simplified by numbering the input text characters mod N, in effect creating a circular buffer. The sliding window approach automatically creates the LRU effect which must be done explicitly in LZ78 schemes. Variants of this method apply additional compression to the output of the LZSS compressor, which include a simple variable-length code (LZB), dynamic Huffman coding (LZH), and Shannon-Fano coding (ZIP 1.x), all of which result in a certain degree of improvement over the basic scheme, especially when the data are rather random and the LZSS compressor has little effect. An algorithm was developed which combines the ideas behind LZ77 and LZ78 to produce a hybrid called LZFG. LZFG uses the standard sliding window, but stores the data in a modified trie data structure and produces as output the position of the text in the trie. Since LZFG only inserts complete *phrases* into the dictionary, it should run faster than other LZ77-based compressors. All popular archivers (arj, lha, zip, zoo) are variations on LZ77.
  • lz78 compression — A substitutional compression scheme which works by entering phrases into a dictionary and then, when a reoccurrence of that particular phrase is found, outputting the dictionary index instead of the phrase. Several algorithms are based on this principle, differing mainly in the manner in which they manage the dictionary. The most well-known Lempel-Ziv scheme is Terry Welch's Lempel-Ziv Welch variant of LZ78.
  • mach's principle — the proposition that there is no absolute space and that the inertia and acceleration of a body are determined by all of the matter of the universe.
  • machado de assiz — Joaquim Maria [zhaw-ah-kim mah-ree-ah] /ˈʒɔ ɑ kɪm mɑˈri ɑ/ (Show IPA), 1839–1908, Brazilian writer.
  • machiavellianism — of, like, or befitting Machiavelli.
  • machine washable — suitable for washing in a washing machine
  • machinist's mate — a petty officer trained to operate, repair, etc. ships' engines
  • maclaurin series — a Taylor series in which the reference point is zero.
  • macrorestriction — In physical gene mapping, the digestion of DNA of high molecular weight with a restriction enzyme having a low number of restriction sites.
  • magazine section — a magazinelike section in the Sunday editions of many newspapers, containing articles rather than news items and often letters, reviews, stories, puzzles, etc.
  • magnesiochromite — (mineral) A chromite species with the formula MgCr2O4.
  • magnetic compass — a compass having a magnetized needle generally in line with the magnetic poles of the earth.
  • magnetic pyrites — Mineralogy. pyrrhotite.
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