16-letter words containing r, e, p, l, n
- lz77 compression — The first algorithm to use the Lempel-Ziv substitutional compression schemes, proposed in 1977. LZ77 compression keeps track of the last n bytes of data seen, and when a phrase is encountered that has already been seen, it outputs a pair of values corresponding to the position of the phrase in the previously-seen buffer of data, and the length of the phrase. In effect the compressor moves a fixed-size "window" over the data (generally referred to as a "sliding window"), with the position part of the (position, length) pair referring to the position of the phrase within the window. The most commonly used algorithms are derived from the LZSS scheme described by James Storer and Thomas Szymanski in 1982. In this the compressor maintains a window of size N bytes and a "lookahead buffer", the contents of which it tries to find a match for in the window: while (lookAheadBuffer not empty) { get a pointer (position, match) to the longest match in the window for the lookahead buffer; if (length > MINIMUM_MATCH_LENGTH) { output a (position, length) pair; shift the window length characters along; } else { output the first character in the lookahead buffer; shift the window 1 character along; } } Decompression is simple and fast: whenever a (POSITION, LENGTH) pair is encountered, go to that POSITION in the window and copy LENGTH bytes to the output. Sliding-window-based schemes can be simplified by numbering the input text characters mod N, in effect creating a circular buffer. The sliding window approach automatically creates the LRU effect which must be done explicitly in LZ78 schemes. Variants of this method apply additional compression to the output of the LZSS compressor, which include a simple variable-length code (LZB), dynamic Huffman coding (LZH), and Shannon-Fano coding (ZIP 1.x), all of which result in a certain degree of improvement over the basic scheme, especially when the data are rather random and the LZSS compressor has little effect. An algorithm was developed which combines the ideas behind LZ77 and LZ78 to produce a hybrid called LZFG. LZFG uses the standard sliding window, but stores the data in a modified trie data structure and produces as output the position of the text in the trie. Since LZFG only inserts complete *phrases* into the dictionary, it should run faster than other LZ77-based compressors. All popular archivers (arj, lha, zip, zoo) are variations on LZ77.
- lz78 compression — A substitutional compression scheme which works by entering phrases into a dictionary and then, when a reoccurrence of that particular phrase is found, outputting the dictionary index instead of the phrase. Several algorithms are based on this principle, differing mainly in the manner in which they manage the dictionary. The most well-known Lempel-Ziv scheme is Terry Welch's Lempel-Ziv Welch variant of LZ78.
- mach's principle — the proposition that there is no absolute space and that the inertia and acceleration of a body are determined by all of the matter of the universe.
- malapportionment — (of a state or other political unit) poorly apportioned, especially divided, organized, or structured in a manner that prevents large sections of a population from having equitable representation in a legislative body.
- malpighian layer — the deep, germinative layer of the epidermis.
- menstrual cramps — pain in the lower abdomen as well as possibly in the lower back and legs associated with menstruation
- menstrual period — the bleeding from the womb that occurs approximately monthly in nonpregnant women of reproductive age
- mercantile paper — commercial paper.
- methyl parathion — a synthetic pesticide, C 8 H 1 0 NO 5 PS, used in the control of mites and various insects, as aphids, boll weevils, and cutworms.
- microencapsulate — (transitive) To embed by means of microencapsulation.
- mineral deposits — amounts of minerals that occur naturally in particular areas
- miniature poodle — a breed of poodle, bred to be much smaller than standard poodles
- montpelier maple — a maple, Acer monspessulanum, that is native to southern Europe and Northwest Africa
- moulding process — the process of shaping or compacting a material into a frame or mould
- myelosuppression — (medicine) A reduction of bone marrow activity that leads to a lower concentration of platelets, red blood cells and white blood cells.
- nephrocalcinosis — (medicine) The deposition of calcium salts in the renal parenchyma due to hyperparathyroidism.
- network topology — (networking) The "shape" of a network, how the nodes are connected to each other. Common topologies are bus network, star network and ring network.
- neurodevelopment — The development of the nervous system during the life of an organism.
- neuroepithelioma — Neurocytoma.
- neurohypophyseal — Relating to the neurohypophysis.
- neurohypophysial — Relating to the neurohypophysis.
- neuropathologies — the pathology of the nervous system.
- neuropathologist — A specialist who practices neuropathology.
- non-compressible — to press together; force into less space.
- non-experiential — pertaining to or derived from experience.
- non-experimental — pertaining to, derived from, or founded on experiment: an experimental science.
- non-geographical — of or relating to geography.
- non-metropolitan — of, noting, or characteristic of a metropolis or its inhabitants, especially in culture, sophistication, or in accepting and combining a wide variety of people, ideas, etc.
- non-reproducible — to make a copy, representation, duplicate, or close imitation of: to reproduce a picture.
- nonprofessionals — Plural form of nonprofessional.
- nonproliferation — the action or practice of curbing or controlling an excessive, rapid spread: nonproliferation of nuclear weapons.
- north palm beach — a town in E Florida.
- north plainfield — a city in NE New Jersey.
- nuclear envelope — the double membrane surrounding the nucleus within a cell.
- occupation layer — (on an archaeological site) a layer of remains left by a single culture, from which the culture can be dated or identified.
- open scholarship — a scholarship which anyone can apply for
- operating manual — a leaflet of instructions on how to use something (such as an electrical appliance, etc)
- operationalizing — Present participle of operationalize.
- opposed-cylinder — (of an internal-combustion engine) having cylinders on opposite sides of the crankcase in the same plane
- organ-pipe coral — an alcyonarian coral of the genus Tubipora, occurring in tropical waters, and forming a complex colony of brick-red, vertical tubules joined at intervals by transverse plates.
- organoleptically — In an organoleptic manner.
- over-application — the act of putting to a special use or purpose: the application of common sense to a problem.
- over-explanation — the act or process of explaining.
- over-speculation — the contemplation or consideration of some subject: to engage in speculation on humanity's ultimate destiny.
- overcapitalizing — Present participle of overcapitalize.
- overcomplicating — Present participle of overcomplicate.
- overexploitation — use or utilization, especially for profit: the exploitation of newly discovered oil fields.
- painted trillium — a North American trillium, Trillium undulatum, having white flowers streaked with pink or purple.
- palmer peninsula — former name of Antarctic Peninsula.
- palmerston north — a city in New Zealand, in the S North Island on the Manawatu River. Pop: 78 100 (2004 est)