16-letter words containing o, n, p, r, i, c
- lz77 compression — The first algorithm to use the Lempel-Ziv substitutional compression schemes, proposed in 1977. LZ77 compression keeps track of the last n bytes of data seen, and when a phrase is encountered that has already been seen, it outputs a pair of values corresponding to the position of the phrase in the previously-seen buffer of data, and the length of the phrase. In effect the compressor moves a fixed-size "window" over the data (generally referred to as a "sliding window"), with the position part of the (position, length) pair referring to the position of the phrase within the window. The most commonly used algorithms are derived from the LZSS scheme described by James Storer and Thomas Szymanski in 1982. In this the compressor maintains a window of size N bytes and a "lookahead buffer", the contents of which it tries to find a match for in the window: while (lookAheadBuffer not empty) { get a pointer (position, match) to the longest match in the window for the lookahead buffer; if (length > MINIMUM_MATCH_LENGTH) { output a (position, length) pair; shift the window length characters along; } else { output the first character in the lookahead buffer; shift the window 1 character along; } } Decompression is simple and fast: whenever a (POSITION, LENGTH) pair is encountered, go to that POSITION in the window and copy LENGTH bytes to the output. Sliding-window-based schemes can be simplified by numbering the input text characters mod N, in effect creating a circular buffer. The sliding window approach automatically creates the LRU effect which must be done explicitly in LZ78 schemes. Variants of this method apply additional compression to the output of the LZSS compressor, which include a simple variable-length code (LZB), dynamic Huffman coding (LZH), and Shannon-Fano coding (ZIP 1.x), all of which result in a certain degree of improvement over the basic scheme, especially when the data are rather random and the LZSS compressor has little effect. An algorithm was developed which combines the ideas behind LZ77 and LZ78 to produce a hybrid called LZFG. LZFG uses the standard sliding window, but stores the data in a modified trie data structure and produces as output the position of the text in the trie. Since LZFG only inserts complete *phrases* into the dictionary, it should run faster than other LZ77-based compressors. All popular archivers (arj, lha, zip, zoo) are variations on LZ77.
- lz78 compression — A substitutional compression scheme which works by entering phrases into a dictionary and then, when a reoccurrence of that particular phrase is found, outputting the dictionary index instead of the phrase. Several algorithms are based on this principle, differing mainly in the manner in which they manage the dictionary. The most well-known Lempel-Ziv scheme is Terry Welch's Lempel-Ziv Welch variant of LZ78.
- machine operator — someone who operates mechanical equipment
- manic depression — bipolar disorder.
- mechanoreception — The action of a mechanoreceptor.
- mechanoreceptive — Responsive to mechanical stimuli such as sound and touch.
- megacorporations — Plural form of megacorporation.
- microangiopathic — Of, pertaining to or accompanied by microangiopathy.
- microencapsulate — (transitive) To embed by means of microencapsulation.
- microenterprises — Plural form of microenterprise.
- micromanipulator — A device, used for micromanipulation, consisting of microscopic needles and instruments viewed through a microscope.
- microprogramming — microcode
- micropropagation — the propagation of plants from tissue cultures, often from single cells.
- misanthropically — In a misanthropic manner.
- miscomprehension — the act or process of comprehending.
- mispronunciation — (uncountable) The act of mispronouncing.
- mistranscription — the act or process of transcribing.
- moulding process — the process of shaping or compacting a material into a frame or mould
- nasal applicator — A nasal applicator is a device for administering medication through the nose.
- nephrocalcinosis — (medicine) The deposition of calcium salts in the renal parenchyma due to hyperparathyroidism.
- neuropsychiatric — Of or pertaining to neuropsychiatry; simultaneously neurological and psychiatric.
- neutrosophic set — (logic) A generalisation of the intuitionistic set, classical set, fuzzy set, paraconsistent set, dialetheist set, paradoxist set, tautological set based on Neutrosophy. An element x(T, I, F) belongs to the set in the following way: it is t true in the set, i indeterminate in the set, and f false, where t, i, and f are real numbers taken from the sets T, I, and F with no restriction on T, I, F, nor on their sum n=t+i+f. The neutrosophic set generalises: - the intuitionistic set, which supports incomplete set theories (for 0
- newspaper office — an office where the editorial and production staff of a newspaper work
- non-compressible — to press together; force into less space.
- non-compromising — an endangering, especially of reputation; exposure to danger, suspicion, etc.: a compromise of one's integrity.
- non-geographical — of or relating to geography.
- non-incorporated — formed or constituted as a legal corporation.
- non-reproducible — to make a copy, representation, duplicate, or close imitation of: to reproduce a picture.
- non-reproduction — the act or process of reproducing.
- non-reproductive — serving to reproduce.
- noncorresponding — That does not correspond (to something else).
- nonparticipating — (of a person or thing) not participating: No penalties were given to nonparticipating students.
- nonparticipation — absence of participation: Nonparticipation of citizens in political matters hampers efforts toward better government.
- nonreciprocating — Not reciprocating; not responding in kind.
- north providence — a town in NE Rhode Island.
- occupation layer — (on an archaeological site) a layer of remains left by a single culture, from which the culture can be dated or identified.
- odontoid process — the toothlike upward projection at the back of the second vertebra of the neck
- open scholarship — a scholarship which anyone can apply for
- opening ceremony — a ceremony held in celebration of the start of something
- operating income — revenue from business operations after operating expenses are deducted from gross income.
- opportunity cost — the money or other benefits lost when pursuing a particular course of action instead of a mutually-exclusive alternative: The company cannot afford the opportunity cost attached to policy decisions made by the current CEO.
- opposed-cylinder — (of an internal-combustion engine) having cylinders on opposite sides of the crankcase in the same plane
- optical rotation — the angle at which the plane of polarized light is rotated when passed through an optically active substance.
- organ-pipe coral — an alcyonarian coral of the genus Tubipora, occurring in tropical waters, and forming a complex colony of brick-red, vertical tubules joined at intervals by transverse plates.
- organoleptically — In an organoleptic manner.
- over-application — the act of putting to a special use or purpose: the application of common sense to a problem.
- over-consumption — the act of consuming, as by use, decay, or destruction.
- over-expectation — the act or the state of expecting: to wait in expectation.
- over-speculation — the contemplation or consideration of some subject: to engage in speculation on humanity's ultimate destiny.
- overcapitalizing — Present participle of overcapitalize.