8-letter words that end in 0
- algol 60 — (language) ALGOrithmic Language 1960. A portable language for scientific computations. ALGOL 60 was small and elegant. It was block-structured, nested, recursive and free form. It was also the first language to be described in BNF. There were three lexical representations: hardware, reference, and publication. The only structured data types were arrays, but they were permitted to have lower bounds and could be dynamic. It also had conditional expressions; it introduced :=; if-then-else; very general "for" loops; switch declaration (an array of statement labels generalising Fortran's computed goto). Parameters were call-by-name and call-by-value. It had static local "own" variables. It lacked user-defined types, character manipulation and standard I/O. See also EULER, ALGOL 58, ALGOL 68, Foogol.
- bliss-10 — (language) A version of BLISS from CMU for the PDP-10.
- cdc 6600 — (computer) A mainframe computer from Control Data Corporation, first delivered in 1964. It is generally considered to be the first successful supercomputer, about three times faster than STRETCH. Its successor was the CDC 7600.
- code 2.0 — (language) A coarse-grain dataflow language with a graphical interface for users to draw communication structure. E-mail: Emery Berger <[email protected]>.
- dsp56000 — A digital signal processing chip from Motorola. An assembler called a56 and a port of gcc called dsp56k-gcc are available.
- ibm 1130 — (computer) A computer introduced by IBM in 1965. It was their cheapest computer to date, and was aimed at price-sensitive, computing-intensive technical markets like education and engineering. It notably included inexpensive disk storage. Non-IBM clones were produced.
- ibm 1620 — (computer) A computer built by IBM and released in late 1959. The 1620 cost from around $85,000(?) up to hundreds of thousands of dollars(?) according to the configuration. It was billed as a "small scientific computer" to distinguish it from the business-oriented IBM 1401. It was regarded as inexpensive, and many schools started out with one. It was either developed for the US Navy to teach computing, or as a replacement for the very successful IBM 650 which did quite well in the low end scientific market. Rumour has it that the Navy called this computer the CADET - Can't Add, Doesn't Even Try. The ALU used lookup tables to add, subtract and multiply but it could do address increments and the like without the tables. You could change the number base by adjusting the tables, which were input during the boot sequence from Hollerith cards. The divide instruction required additional hardware, as did floating point operations. The basic machine had 20,000 decimal digits of ferrite core memory arranged as a 100 by 100 array of 12-bit locations, each holding two digits. Each digit was stored as four numeric bits, one flag bit and one parity bit. The numeric bits stored a decimal digit (values above nine were illegal). Memory was logically divided into fields. On the high-order digit of a field the flag bit indicated the end of the field. On the low-order digit it indicated a negative number. A flag bit on the low order of the address indicated indirect addressing if you had that option installed. A few "illegal" bit combinations were used to store things like record marks and "numeric blanks". On a subroutine call it stored the return address in the five digits just before the entry point to the routine, so you had to build your own stack to do recursion. The enclosure was grey, and the core was about four or five inches across. The core memory was kept cool inside a temperature-controlled box. The machine took a few minutes to warm up after power on before you could use it. If it got too hot there was a thermal cut-out switch that would shut it down. Memory could be expanded up to 100,000 digits in a second cabinet. The cheapest package used paper tape for I/O. You could also get punched cards and later models could be hooked up to a 1311 disk drive (a two-megabyte washing machine), a 1627 plotter, and a 1443 line printer. Because the 1620 was popular with colleges, IBM ran a clearing house of software for a nominal cost such as Snobol, COBOL, chess games, etc. The model II, released about three years later, could add and subtract without tables. The clock period decreased from 20 to 10 microseconds, instruction fetch sped up by a few cycles and it added index registers of some sort. Some of the model I's options were standard on the model II, like indirect addressing and the console teletype changed from a model C to a Selectric. Later still, IBM marketed the IBM 1710. A favorite use was to tune a FM radio to pick up the "interference" from the lights on the console. With the right delay loops you could generate musical notes. Hackers wrote interpreters that played music from notation like "C44". 1620 consoles were used as props to represent Colossus in the film "The Forbin Project", though most of the machines had been scrapped by the time the film was made.
- ibm 1710 — (computer) An IBM 1620 with additional features useful for industrial process control: A/D convertors, D/A convertors, general-purpose I/O lines, and interrupts.
- ibm 3270 — (hardware) A class of terminals made by IBM known as "Display Devices", normally used to talk to IBM mainframes. The 3270 attempts to minimise the number of I/O interrupts required by accepting large blocks of data, known as datastreams, in which both text and control (or formatting functions) are interspersed allowing an entire screen to be "painted" as a single output operation. The concept of "formatting" in these devices allows the screen to be divided into clusters of contiguous character cells for which numerous attributes (color, highlighting, character set, protection from modification) can be set. Further, using a technique known as 'Read Modified' the changes from any number of formatted fields that have been modified can be read as a single input without transferring any other data, another technique to enhance the terminal throughput of the CPU. The 3270 had twelve, and later twenty-four, special Programmed Function Keys, or PF keys. When one of these keys was pressed, it would cause the device to generate an I/O interrupt and present a special code identifying which key was pressed. Application program functions such as termination, page-up, page-down or help could be invoked by a single key-push, thereby reducing the load on very busy processors. A version of the IBM PC called the "3270 PC" was released in October 1983. It included 3270 terminal emulation. See also broken arrow.
- ibm 3720 — (hardware) A communications controller made by IBM, suitable for use in an IBM S/390. Official service support was withdrawn in 1999 in favour of the IBM 3745.
- ibm 7040 — (computer) A scaled down version of the IBM 7090.
- ibm 7090 — (computer) A transistorised version of the IBM 709 which was a very popular high end computer in the early 1960s. The 7090 had 32Kbytes of 36-bit core memory and a hardware floating point unit. Fortran was its most popular language, but it supported many others. It was later upgraded to the IBM 7094, and a scaled down version, the IBM 7040 was also introduced. IBM 7090s controlled the Mercury and Gemini space flights, the Balistic Missile Early Warning System (until well into the 1980s), and the CTSS time sharing system at MIT. The 7090 was not good at unit record I/O, so in small configurations an IBM 1401 was used for SPOOL I/O and in large configurations (such as a 7090/94) a 7040/44 would be directly coupled and dedicated to handling printers and card readers. (See the film Dr Strangelove).
- ims 6100 — Intersil 6100
- indy 500 — Indianapolis 500.
- iso 8650 — Association Control Service Element
- iso 9000 — A set of international standards for both quality management and quality assurance that has been adopted by over 90 countries worldwide. The ISO 9000 standards apply to all types of organisations, large and small, and in many industries. The standards require: standard language for documenting quality processes; system to manage evidence that these practices are instituted throughout an organisation; and third-party auditing to review, certify, and maintain certification of organisations. The ISO 9000 series classifies products into generic product categories: hardware, software, processed materials, and services. Documentation is at the core of ISO 9000 conformance. In fact, the standards have been paraphrased as: "Say what you do. Do what you say. Write it down." In Britain it is associated with BS5750 which may become obsolete.
- iso 9660 — (standard, storage) The ISO standard file system for CD-ROMs, later extended by the Joliet standard to allow Unicode characters.
- mcp-1600 — A processor made by Western Digital, consisting of at least four separate integrated circuits, including the control circuitry unit, the ALU, two or four ROM chips with microcode, and timing circuitry. The ALU chip contained twenty-six 8-bit registers and an 8-bit ALU, while the control unit supervised the moving of data, memory access, and other control functions. The ROM allowed the chip to function as either an 8- or 16-bit chip, with clever use of the 8-bit ALU. Further, microcode allowed the addition of floating-point routines (40 + 8 bit format), simplifying programming (and possibly producing a floating-point coprocessor). Two standard microcode ROMs were available. This flexibility was one reason it was also used to implement the DEC LSI-11 processor as well as the WD Pascal Microengine.
- rfc 1350 — (networking, protocol) The RFC defining TFTP.
- rfc 1450 — (networking, standard) The RFC defining MIB for SNMP v2.
- rfc 1520 — (networking, standard) The RFC defining Classless Inter-Domain Routing.
- rfc 1550 — (networking, protocol) An RFC white paper on IPng.
- rfc 1630 — (networking, standard) The RFC defining the Universal Resource Identifier.
- rfc 1700 — (networking, standard) The original RFC defining "Assigned Numbers" such as standard "well-known" TCP and UDP port numbers, now superseded by RFC 3232.
- rfc 1730 — (messaging, standard) An old RFC defining IMAP, obsoleted by RFC 2060, RFC 2061 and others.
- rfc 1760 — (security) The RFC describing the S/KEY One-Time Password system.
- rfc 1960 — (networking, standard) The RFC defining the human-readable format of search filters used with the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol.
- rfc 2060 — (messaging) One of the RFCs describing IMAP.
- tms 9900 — (processor) One of the first true 16-bit microprocessors, released by Texas Instruments in June 1976 (the first are probably National Semiconductor IMP-16 or AMD-2901 bit slice processors in 16-bit configuration). It was designed as a single chip version of the TI 990 minicomputer series, much like the Intersil 6100 was a single chip PDP-8, and the Fairchild 9440 and Data General mN601 were both one chip versions of Data General's Nova. Unlike the IMS 6100, however, the TMS 9900 had a mature, well thought out design. It had a 15-bit address space and two internal 16 bit registers. One unique feature was that all user registers were actually kept in memory - this included stack pointers and the program counter. A single workspace register pointed to the 16 register set in RAM, so when a subroutine was entered or an interrupt was processed, only the single workspace register had to be changed - unlike some CPUs which required dozens or more register saves before acknowledging a context switch. This was feasible at the time because RAM was often faster than the CPUs. A few modern designs, such as the INMOS transputer, use this same design using caches or rotating buffers, for the same reason of faster context switches. Other chips of the time, such as the 650x series had a similar philosophy, using index registers, but the TMS 9900 went the farthest in this direction. That wasn't the only positive feature of the chip. It had good interrupt handling features and very good instruction set. Serial I/O was available through address lines. In typical comparisons with the Intel 8086, the TMS9900 had smaller and faster programs. The only disadvantage was the small address space and need for fast RAM. Despite very poor support from Texas Instruments, the TMS 9900 had the potential at one point to surpass the Intel 8086 in popularity.
- trash-80 — Derogatory name for Tandy's TRS-80.
- twenty20 — a form of one-day cricket in which each side bats for twenty overs
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