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28-letter words containing m, r

  • a poster child for something — a person who is a good, or typical example of something; a prominent exemplar of something
  • a shot across someone's bows — a warning
  • active reconfiguring message — (hardware)   (ARM) An efficient mechanism which allows reconfiguration of the hardware logic of a system according to the particular data received or transmitted. In ARM each message contains extra information in a Reconfiguring Header in addition to the data to be transferred. Upon arrival of the message the Reconfiguring Header is extracted, decoded and used to perform on-the-fly hardware reconfiguration. As soon as the hardware has been reconfigured the data information of the message can be processed.
  • advanced micro devices, inc. — (company)   (AMD) A US manufacturer of integrated circuits, founded in 1969. AMD was the fifth-largest IC manufacturer in 1995. AMD focuses on the personal and networked computation and communications market. They produce microprocessors, embedded processors and related peripherals, memories, programmable logic devices, circuits for telecommunications and networking applications. In 1995, AMD had 12000 employees in the USA and elsewhere and manufacturing facilities in Austin, Texas; Aizu-Wakamatsu, Japan; Bangkok, Thailand; Penang, Malaysia; and Singapore. AMD made the AMD 2900 series of bit-slice TTL components and clones of the Intel 80386 and Intel 486 microprocessors. Address: Sunnyvale, CA, USA.
  • against your better judgment — If something is against your better judgment, you believe that it would be more sensible or better not to do it.
  • american antislavery society — a society, founded in 1833 and led by William Lloyd Garrison, to abolish slavery.
  • american federation of labor — the first permanent national labour movement in America, founded in 1886. It amalgamated with the Congress of Industrial Organizations in 1955
  • antiballistic missile treaty — an agreement between the U.S. and U.S.S.R., signed May 26, 1972, limiting the number of ABM deployment areas, launchers, and interceptors.
  • antidisestablishmentarianism — opposition to the withdrawal of state support or recognition from an established church, especially the Anglican Church in 19th-century England.
  • apple-touch-icon-precomposed — (programming)   An alternative form of apple-touch-icon that is not subject to automatic modification (rounding, drop-shadow, reflective shine) as applied by iOS versions prior to iOS 7. A web page specifies a pre-composed icon by including an element in the like:
  • arms akimbo/with arms akimbo — If you stand arms akimbo or with arms akimbo, you stand with your hands on your hips and your elbows pointing outwards.
  • association for simula users — (body)   See SIMULA. Address: Royal Institute of Technology, S-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
  • at the discretion of someone — If something happens at someone's discretion, it can happen only if they decide to do it or give their permission.
  • attribute translation system — (grammar, tool)   (ATS) A BNF-based parser generator from the University of Saskatchewan(?). ATS generates table-driven LL1 parsers with full insert-only error recovery. It also has full left-attribute semantic handling, which is a dream compared to using YACC's parser actions.
  • augmented transition network — (in certain schools of linguistics) a formalism, usually expressed as a diagram, having the power of a Turing machine, used as the basis of processes transforming sentences into their syntactic representations
  • automated engineering design — (language)   (AED) (Or "ALGOL Extended for Design") A systems language for the IBM 7090 and IBM 360 developed at MIT System Laboratory ca. 1965 by a team led by Douglas T. Ross (now at Softech). AED is an extension of ALGOL 60 with records ("plexes"), pointers, and dynamic allocation. DYNAMO II was written in AED, as was the first BCPL compiler. Versions: AED-0, AED-1, AED-JR.
  • bath and north east somerset — a unitary authority in SW England, in Somerset; formerly (1974–96) part of the county of Avon. Pop: 170 900 (2003 est). Area: 351 sq km (136 sq miles)
  • biological response modifier — a therapeutic substance that is produced naturally or synthesized as a drug to stimulate the body's immune defense against disease or infection. Abbreviation: BRM.
  • birendra bir bikram shah dev — 1945–2001, king of Nepal (1972–2001): he, his queen, and six other members of the royal family were shot dead by his son, Crown Prince Dipendra, who then committed suicide
  • bring something to its knees — to cause something to be in a weakened or impoverished state
  • burst extended data out dram — (storage)   (Burst EDO, BEDO) A variant on EDO DRAM in which read or write cycles are batched in bursts of four. The bursts wrap around on a four byte boundary which means that only the two least significant bits of the CAS address are modified internally to produce each address of the burst sequence. Consequently, burst EDO bus speeds will range from 40MHz to 66MHz, well above the 33MHz bus speeds that can be accomplished using Fast Page Mode or EDO DRAM. Burst EDO was introduced sometime before May 1995.
  • by main force (or strength) — by sheer force (or strength)
  • can't tell chalk from cheese — to be unable to judge or appreciate important differences
  • case data interchange format — (CDIF) An emerging standard for interchange of data between CASE tools.
  • cerebrospinal nervous system — central nervous system.
  • certificate of admeasurement — a certificate issued by a government authority, showing the registered tonnages of a commercial vessel.
  • charge d'affaires ad interim — Also called chargé d'affaires ad interim. an official placed in charge of diplomatic business during the temporary absence of the ambassador or minister.
  • commercial internet exchange — (networking, body)   (CIX) The CIX is a non-profit, 501(c)6, trade association coordinating Internet services. Its member organisations provide TCP/IP or OSI data internetwork services to the general public. The CIX gives them unrestricted access to other worldwide networks. It also takes an interest in the development and future direction of the Internet. The CIX provides a neutral forum to exchange ideas, information, and experimental projects among suppliers of internetworking services. The CIX broadens the base of national and international cooperation and coordination among member networks. Together, the membership may develop consensus positions on legislative and policy issues of mutual interest. The CIX encourages technical research and development for the mutual benefit of suppliers and customers of data communications internetworking services. It assists its member networks in the establishment of, and adherence to, operational, technical, and administrative policies and standards necessary to ensure fair, open, and competitive operations and communication among member networks. CIX policies are formulated by a member-elected board of directors.
  • common intermediate language — (language)   (CIL)
  • computer-aided manufacturing — the use of specially designed computers to improve and regulate manufacturing processes; a type of automation in which computers control and monitor industrial machinery.
  • computer-assisted tomography — the process of producing a CAT scan.
  • congressional medal of honor — the highest U.S. military decoration, awarded by Congress to a member of the armed forces for gallantry and bravery in combat, at the risk of life and above and beyond the call of duty.
  • constraint logic programming — (programming)   (CLP) A programming framework based (like Prolog) on LUSH (or SLD) resolution, but in which unification has been replaced by a constraint solver. A CLP interpreter contains a Prolog-like inference engine and an incremental constraint solver. The engine sends constraints to the solver one at a time. If the new constraint is consistent with the collected constraints it will be added to the set. If it is inconsistent, it will cause the engine to backtrack.
  • corporation for open systems — (COS) An international consortium of computer users and vendors set up to provide ways of testing OSI implementations.
  • council of economic advisers — a board, consisting of three members, established in 1946 to advise the president on economic matters. Abbreviation: CEA.
  • council of economic advisors — (in the US) a body of economists who advise the President on economic issues and whose chairperson can speak on behalf of the administration on economic issues
  • cruel and unusual punishment — treatment: barbaric
  • customer information systems — Customer Relationship Management
  • dataless management services — (operating system)   (DMS)
  • datastorm technologies, inc. — (company)   The original suppliers of Procomm. Address: Columbia MO, USA.
  • democratic republic of congo — a republic in S central Africa, with a narrow strip of land along the Congo estuary leading to the Atlantic in the west: Congo Free State established in 1885, with Leopold II of Belgium as absolute monarch; became the Belgian Congo colony in 1908; gained independence in 1960, followed by civil war and the secession of Katanga (until 1963); President Mobutu Sese Seko seized power in 1965; declared a one-party state in 1978, and was overthrown by rebels in 1997. The country consists chiefly of the Congo basin, with large areas of dense tropical forest and marshes, and the Mitumba highlands reaching over 5000 m (16 000 ft) in the east. Official language: French. Religion: Christian majority, animist minority. Currency: Congolese franc. Capital: Kinshasa. Pop: 75 507 308 (2013 est). Area: 2 344 116 sq km (905 063 sq miles)
  • department of transportation — the department of the U.S. federal government that coordinates and institutes national transportation programs. Abbreviation: DOT.
  • desktop management interface — (standard, operating system)   (DMI) A specification from the Desktop Management Task Force (DMTF) that establishes a standard framework for managing networked computers. DMI covers hardware and software, desktop systems and servers, and defines a model for filtering events and describing interfaces. DMI provides a common path for technical support, IT managers, and individual users to access information about all aspects of a computer - including processor type, installation date, attached printers and other peripherals, power sources, and maintenance history. It provides a common format for describing products to aid vendors, systems integrators, and end users in enterprise desktop management. DMI is not tied to any specific hardware, operating system, or management protocols. It is easy for vendors to adopt, mappable to existing management protocols such as Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP), and can be used on non-network computers. DMI's four components are: Management Information Format (MIF) - a text file containing information about the hardware and software on a computer. Manufacturers can create their own MIFs specific to a component. Service layer - an OS add-on that connects the management interface and the component interface and allows management and component software to access MIF files. The service layer also includes a common interface called the local agent, which is used to manage individual components. Component interface (CI) - an application program interface (API) that sends status information to the appropriate MIF file via the service layer. Commands include Get, Set, and Event. Management interface (MI) - the management software's interface to the service layer. Commands are Get, Set, and List. CI, MI, and service layer drivers are available on the Internet. Intel's LANDesk Client Manager (LDCM) is based on DMI. Version: 2.0s (as of 2000-01-19).
  • disability rights commission — (in Britain) a body appointed by the Government to enforce anti-discrimination law affecting people with disabilities
  • documentary letter of credit — a document issued by a bank which guarantees the payment of a customer's drafts for a specified period and up to a specified amount
  • dos protected mode interface — (DPMI) The method which Microsoft prescribes for a DOS program to access extended memory under a multitasking environment, e.g. Microsoft Windows. This service is provided by the HIMEM.SYS driver on IBM PCs. The DPMI specification was finalized in 1990. The specification itself is available from Intel Literature Sales. VCPI (Virtual Control Program Interface), which was an alternative, and incompatible method for doing the same thing.
  • drive someone to distraction — If you say that something or someone drives you to distraction, you are emphasizing that they annoy you a great deal.
  • dynamic random-access memory — (storage)   (DRAM) A type of semiconductor memory in which the information is stored in capacitors on a MOS integrated circuit. Typically each bit is stored as an amount of electrical charge in a storage cell consisting of a capacitor and a transistor. Due to leakage the capacitor discharges gradually and the memory cell loses the information. Therefore, to preserve the information, the memory has to be refreshed periodically. Despite this inconvenience, the DRAM is a very popular memory technology because of its high density and consequent low price. The first commercially available DRAM chip was the Intel 1103, introduced in 1970. Early DRAM chips, containing up to a 16k x 1 (16384 locations of one bit each), needed 3 supply voltages (+5V, -5V and +12V). Beginning with the 64 kilobit chips, charge pumps were included on-chip to create the necessary supply voltages out of a single +5V supply. This was necessary to fit the device into a 16-pin DIL package, which was the preferred package at the time, and also made them easier to use. To reduce the pin count, thereby helping miniaturisation, DRAMs generally had a single data line which meant that a computer with an N bit wide data bus needed a "bank" of (at least) N DRAM chips. In a bank, the address and control signals of all chips were common and the data line of each chip was connected to one of the data bus lines. Beginning with the 256 kilobit DRAM, a tendency toward surface mount packaging arose and DRAMs with more than one data line appeared (e.g. 64k x 4), reducing the number of chips per bank. This trend has continued and DRAM chips with up to 36 data lines are available today. Furthermore, together with surface mount packages, memory manufacturers began to offer memory modules, where a bank of memory chips was preassembled on a little printed circuit board (SIP = Single Inline Pin Module, SIMM = Single Inline Memory Module, DIMM = Dual Inline Memory Module). Today, this is the preferred way to buy memory for workstations and personal computers. DRAM bit cells are arranged on a chip in a grid of rows and columns where the number of rows and columns are usually a power of two. Often, but not always, the number of rows and columns is the same. A one megabit device would then have 1024 x 1024 memory cells. A single memory cell can be selected by a 10-bit row address and a 10-bit column address. To access a memory cell, one entire row of cells is selected and its contents are transferred into an on-chip buffer. This discharges the storage capacitors in the bit cells. The desired bits are then read or written in the buffer. The (possibly altered) information is finally written back into the selected row, thereby refreshing all bits (recharging the capacitors) in the row. To prevent data loss, all bit cells in the memory need to be refreshed periodically. This can be done by reading all rows in regular intervals. Most DRAMs since 1970 have been specified such that one of the rows needs to be refreshed at least every 15.625 microseconds. For a device with 1024 rows, a complete refresh of all rows would then take up to 16 ms; in other words, each cell is guaranteed to hold the data for 16 ms without refresh. Devices with more rows have accordingly longer retention times. Many varieties of DRAM exist today. They differ in the way they are interfaced to the system - the structure of the memory cell itself is essentially the same. "Traditional" DRAMs have multiplexed address lines and separate data inputs and outputs. There are three control signals: RAS\ (row address strobe), CAS\ (column address strobe), and WE\ (write enable) (the backslash indicates an active low signal). Memory access procedes as follows: 1. The control signals initially all being inactive (high), a memory cycle is started with the row address applied to the address inputs and a falling edge of RAS\ . This latches the row address and "opens" the row, transferring the data in the row to the buffer. The row address can then be removed from the address inputs since it is latched on-chip. 2. With RAS\ still active, the column address is applied to the address pins and CAS\ is made active as well. This selects the desired bit or bits in the row which subsequently appear at the data output(s). By additionally activating WE\ the data applied to the data inputs can be written into the selected location in the buffer. 3. Deactivating CAS\ disables the data input and output again. 4. Deactivating RAS\ causes the data in the buffer to be written back into the memory array. Certain timing rules must be obeyed to guarantee reliable operation. 1. RAS\ must remain inactivate for a while before the next memory cycle is started to provide sufficient time for the storage capacitors to charge (Precharge Time). 2. It takes some time from the falling edge of the RAS\ or CAS\ signals until the data appears at the data output. This is specified as the Row Access Time and the Column Access Time. Current DRAM's have Row Access Times of 50-100 ns and Column Access Times of 15-40 ns. Speed grades usually refer to the former, more important figure. Note that the Memory Cycle Time, which is the minimum time from the beginning of one access to the beginning of the next, is longer than the Row Access Time (because of the Precharge Time). Multiplexing the address pins saves pins on the chip, but usually requires additional logic in the system to properly generate the address and control signals, not to mention further logic for refresh. Therefore, DRAM chips are usually preferred when (because of the required memory size) the additional cost for the control logic is outweighed by the lower price. Based on these principles, chip designers have developed many varieties to improve performance or ease system integration of DRAMs: PSRAMs (Pseudo Static Random Access Memory) are essentially DRAMs with a built-in address multiplexor and refresh controller. This saves some system logic and makes the device look like a normal SRAM. This has been popular as a lower cost alternative for SRAM in embedded systems. It is not a complete SRAM substitute because it is sometimes busy when doing self-refresh, which can be tedious. Static Column DRAM is similar to Page Mode DRAM, but to access different bits in the open row, only the column address needs to be changed while the CAS\ signal stays active. The row buffer essentially behaves like SRAM. DRAM used for Video RAM (VRAM) has an additional long shift register that can be loaded from the row buffer. The shift register can be regarded as a second interface to the memory that can be operated in parallel to the normal interface. This is especially useful in frame buffers for CRT displays. These frame buffers generate a serial data stream that is sent to the CRT to modulate the electron beam. By using the shift register in the VRAM to generate this stream, the memory is available to the computer through the normal interface most of the time for updating the display data, thereby speeding up display data manipulations. SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM) adds a separate clock signal to the control signals. It allows more complex state machines on the chip and high speed "burst" accesses that clock a series of successive bits out (similar to the nibble mode). CDRAM (Cached DRAM) adds a separate static RAM array used for caching. It essentially combines main memory and cache memory in a single chip. The cache memory controller needs to be added externally. RDRAM (Rambus DRAM) changes the system interface of DRAM completely. A byte-wide bus is used for address, data and command transfers. The bus operates at very high speed: 500 million transfers per second. The chip operates synchronously with a 250MHz clock. Data is transferred at both rising and falling edges of the clock. A system with signals at such frequencies must be very carefully designed, and the signals on the Rambus Channel use nonstandard signal levels, making it incompatible with standard system logic. These disadvantages are compensated by a very fast data transfer, especially for burst accesses to a block of successive locations. A number of different refresh modes can be included in some of the above device varieties: RAS\ only refresh: a row is refreshed by an ordinary read access without asserting CAS\. The data output remains disabled. CAS\ before RAS\ refresh: the device has a built-in counter for the refresh row address. By activating CAS\ before activating RAS\, this counter is selected to supply the row address instead of the address inputs. Self-Refresh: The device is able to generate refresh cycles internally. No external control signal transitions other than those for bringing the device into self-refresh mode are needed to maintain data integrity.
  • eastern european summer time — a summer time used by some countries in Eastern Europe, such as Finland, Romania, etc and also some countries of the Middle East and North Africa
  • ecclesiastical commissioners — the administrators of the properties of the Church of England from 1836 to 1948, when they were combined with Queen Anne's Bounty to form the Church Commissioners

On this page, we collect all 28-letter words with M-R. It’s easy to find right word with a certain length. It is the easiest way to find 28-letter word that contains in M-R to use in Scrabble or Crossword puzzles

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