23-letter words containing c, a, e, r, n
- abstract interpretation — (theory) A partial execution of a program which gains information about its semantics (e.g. control structure, flow of information) without performing all the calculations. Abstract interpretation is typically used by compilers to analyse programs in order to decide whether certain optimisations or transformations are applicable. The objects manipulated by the program (typically values and functions) are represented by points in some domain. Each abstract domain point represents some set of real ("concrete") values. For example, we may take the abstract points "+", "0" and "-" to represent positive, zero and negative numbers and then define an abstract version of the multiplication operator, *#, which operates on abstract values: *# | + 0 - ---|------ + | + 0 - 0 | 0 0 0 - | - 0 + An interpretation is "safe" if the result of the abstract operation is a safe approximation to the abstraction of the concrete result. The meaning of "a safe approximation" depends on how we are using the results of the analysis. If, in our example, we assume that smaller values are safer then the "safety condition" for our interpretation (#) is a# *# b# <= (a * b)# where a# is the abstract version of a etc. In general an interpretation is characterised by the domains used to represent the basic types and the abstract values it assigns to constants (where the constants of a language include primitive functions such as *). The interpretation of constructed types (such as user defined functions, sum types and product types) and expressions can be derived systematically from these basic domains and values. A common use of abstract interpretation is strictness analysis. See also standard interpretation.
- acceleration of gravity — the gravitational acceleration of a freely falling object, expressed in terms of the rate of increase of velocity per second: on earth 980.665 cm (32.17 ft) per second per second is the standard
- acoustical surveillance — the collecting or recording of information by sound-detection methods and devices, as for intelligence purposes.
- act of parliament clock — a pendulum wall clock of the late 18th century, usually having a black dial with gilt numbers: originally installed in English taverns because a burdensome tax prevented many homes from having private clocks.
- adaptive cruise control — Adaptive cruise control is an electronic control system in a vehicle that makes sure that the vehicle keeps a safe distance from vehicles in front.
- administrative distance — (networking) A rating of the trustworthiness of a routing information source set by the router administrator. In Cisco routers, administrative distance is a number between 0 and 255 (the higher the value, the less trustworthy the source).
- advance corporation tax — a former UK tax in which a company paying a dividend had to deduct the basic rate of income tax from the grossed-up value of the dividend and pay it to the Inland Revenue
- advanced skills teacher — a teacher who has achieved high standards of classroom practice and success and who, after passing a national assessment, is paid to share his or her skills and experience with other teachers
- affiliation proceedings — (formerly) legal proceedings, usually initiated by an unmarried mother, claiming legal recognition that a particular man is the father of her child, often associated with a claim for financial support
- allowance for bad debts — Allowance for bad debt is a provision made in a company's accounts which recognizes that some debts will not be able to be collected.
- alpes-de-haute provence — a department in SE France. 2698 sq. mi. (6990 sq. km). Capital: Digne.
- alpes-de-haute-provence — a department of SE France in Provence-Alpes-Côte-d'Azur region. Capital: Digne. Pop: 144 508 (2003 est). Area: 6988 sq km (2725 sq miles)
- alternative conjunction — a conjunction, as or, that expresses an alternative relationship between the words, phrases, or clauses it connects.
- american stock exchange — the second largest stock exchange in the U.S., located in New York City. Abbreviation: ASE, A.S.E.
- archaeomagnetism dating — the dating of archaeological specimens by determination of the magnetic alignment of objects containing ferromagnetic materials, as baked clay pots, within undisturbed archaeological sites.
- articles of association — the constitution and regulations of a registered company as required by the British Companies Acts
- artificial insemination — Artificial insemination is a medical technique for making a woman pregnant by injecting previously stored sperm into her womb. Female animals can also be made pregnant by artificial insemination. The abbreviation AI is also used.
- artificial intelligence — Artificial intelligence is a type of computer technology which is concerned with making machines work in an intelligent way, similar to the way that the human mind works. The abbreviation AI is also used.
- artificial-intelligence — the capacity of a computer to perform operations analogous to learning and decision making in humans, as by an expert system, a program for CAD or CAM, or a program for the perception and recognition of shapes in computer vision systems. Abbreviation: AI, A.I.
- as far as one can judge — If you say that something is true as far as you can judge or so far as you can judge, you are assuming that it is true, although you do not know all the facts about it.
- ashton-tate corporation — (company) The original vendor of dBASE and joint developers of EEMS. Ashton-Tate was founded by Charles Tate and Ashton was his pet parrot's name. The parrot lived in the lobby of the company's LA headquarters. In the early 1990s Ashton-Tate was taken over by Borland International, Inc., who later became Borland Software Corporation.
- astro-inertial guidance — celestial guidance.
- astronomical refraction — refraction (def 3).
- astronomical-refraction — Physics. the change of direction of a ray of light, sound, heat, or the like, in passing obliquely from one medium into another in which its wave velocity is different.
- asymmetrical modulation — (communications) A scheme to maximise use of a communications line by giving a larger share of the bandwidth to the modem at the end which is transmitting the most information. Only one end of the connection has full bandwidth, the other has only a fraction of the bandwidth. Normally, which end gets the full bandwidth is chosen dynamically. Asymmetrical modulation was made famous by the HST mode of the early high-speed modems from US Robotics.
- at the mercy of someone — If one person or thing is at the mercy of another, the first person or thing is in a situation where they cannot prevent themselves being harmed or affected by the second.
- atomic energy authority — (in Britain) a government body established in 1954 to control research and development in atomic energy
- atrioventricular bundle — a bundle of specialized muscle fibers regulating the heartbeat by conducting impulses from the right atrium to the ventricles.
- autoerotic asphyxiation — asphyxia caused by intentionally strangling oneself while masturbating in order to intensify the orgasm through reduced oxygen flow to the brain.
- barrister and solicitor — an attorney who is licensed to prepare cases and argue them in court in the common-law provinces of Canada and in New Zealand and Australia.
- battered child syndrome — the array of physical injuries exhibited by young children who have been beaten repeatedly or otherwise abused by their parents or guardians.
- bereavement counselling — the provision of advice for bereaved people to help them cope with their grief, sometimes given by charities and support groups
- branch coverage testing — (programming) A test method which aims to ensure that each possible branch from each decision point (e.g. "if" statement) is executed at least once, thus ensuring that all reachable code is executed.
- bread-and-butter pickle — an unpeeled slice of cucumber marinated in salt water and boiled with vinegar, celery seed, spices, and brown sugar.
- calcium channel blocker — any drug that prevents the influx of calcium ions into cardiac and smooth muscle: used to treat high blood pressure and angina
- calorie-controlled diet — a diet that restricts a person to a limited number of calories per day
- camillo benso di cavour — Camillo Benso di [kah-meel-law ben-saw dee] /kɑˈmil lɔ ˈbɛn sɔ di/ (Show IPA), 1810–61, Italian statesman: leader in the unification of Italy.
- catch someone off guard — If someone catches you off guard, they surprise you by doing something you do not expect. If something catches you off guard, it surprises you by happening when you are not expecting it.
- catherine of alexandria — Saint, a.d. c310, Christian martyr.
- cauchy integral formula — a theorem that gives an expression in terms of an integral for the value of an analytic function at any point inside a simple closed curve of finite length in a domain.
- cauchy integral theorem — the theorem that the integral of an analytic function about a closed curve of finite length in a finite, simply connected domain is zero.
- caught in the crossfire — If you are caught in the crossfire, you become involved in an unpleasant situation in which people are arguing with each other, although you do not want to be involved or say which person you agree with.
- cellular neural network — (architecture) (CNN) The CNN Universal Machine is a low cost, low power, extremely high speed supercomputer on a chip. It is at least 1000 times faster than equivalent DSP solutions of many complex image processing tasks. It is a stored program supercomputer where a complex sequence of image processing algorithms is programmed and downloaded into the chip, just like any digital computer. Because the entire computer is integrated into a chip, no signal leaves the chip until the image processing task is completed. Although the CNN universal chip is based on analogue and logic operating principles, it has an on-chip analog-to-digital input-output interface so that at the system design and application perspective, it can be used as a digital component, just like a DSP. In particular, a development system is available for rapid design and prototyping. Moreover, a compiler, an operating system, and a user-friendly CNN high-level language, like the C language, have been developed which makes it easy to implement any image processing algorithm.
- center-pivot irrigation — a method of irrigation, used mainly in the western U.S., in which water is dispersed through a long, segmented arm that revolves about a deep well and covers a circular area from a quarter of a mile to a mile in diameter.
- central processing unit — the part of a computer that performs logical and arithmetical operations on the data as specified in the instructions
- character assassination — A character assassination is a deliberate attempt to destroy someone's reputation, especially by criticizing them in an unfair and dishonest way when they are not present.
- characteristic equation — Mathematics. the characteristic polynomial of a given matrix, equated to zero. Also called auxiliary equation. an equation with one variable and equated to zero, which is derived from a given linear differential equation and in which the coefficient and power of the variable in each term correspond to the coefficient and order of a derivative in the original equation.
- characteristic function — a function that assigns the value 1 to the members of a given set and the value 0 to its nonmembers
- cheyne-stokes breathing — alternating shallow and deep breathing, as in comatose patients
- chi-square distribution — a continuous single-parameter distribution derived as a special case of the gamma distribution and used esp to measure goodness of fit and to test hypotheses and obtain confidence intervals for the variance of a normally distributed variable
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